Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War

Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War   Battle of Champion Hill - Conflict Date: The Battle of Champion Hill was fought May 16, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant32,000 men Confederates Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton22,000 men Battle of Champion Hill - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Grant commenced efforts to capture the key Confederate fortress of Vicksburg, MS. Situated high on the bluffs above the Mississippi River, the town was critical to controlling the river below. After encountering numerous difficulties in approaching Vicksburg, Grant elected to move south through Louisiana and cross the river below the town. He was assisted in this plan by Rear Admiral David D. Porters flotilla of gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee began moving across the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Brushing aside Confederate forces at Port Gibson, Grant drove inland. With Union troops to the south, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, began organizing a defense outside of the city and calling for reinforcements from General Joseph E. Johnston. The majority of these were sent to Jackson, MS though their travel to the city was slowed by damage inflicted to the railroads by Colonel Benjamin Griersons cavalry raid in April. With Grant pushing northeast, Pemberton anticipated that  Union troops  would drive directly on Vicksburg and began withdrawing back towards the city. Able to keep the enemy off balance, Grant instead attacked towards  Jackson with the goal of  cutting the Southern Railroad which connected the two cities. Covering his left flank with the  Big Black River, Grant pressed ahead with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the right and issued orders for it  to proceed through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to sever the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to attack between Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). On May 12, McPherson defeated some of the reinforcements from Jackson at the Battle of Raymond. Two days later, Sherman drove Johnstons men from Jackson and captured the city.   Retreating, Johnston instructed Pemberton to attack Grants rear. Believing this plan to  be  too dangerous and that it risked leaving Vicksburg uncovered, he instead marched against Union supply trains moving between Grand Gulf  and Raymond.   Johnston reiterated his order on May 16 leading Pemberton to plan a countermarch northeast  towards Clinton.  Ã‚  Having cleared his rear, Grant turned west to deal with Pemberton and begin the drive against  Vicksburg.   This saw McPherson  advance in the north, McClernand in the south,  while Sherman, having completed operations at  Jackson, brought  up the rear. Battle of Champion Hill - Contact:   As Pemberton contemplated his orders on the morning of May 16, his army was strung out along the Ratliff Road from its intersection with the Jackson and Middle Roads south to where it crossed the Raymond Road.   This saw Major General Carter Stevensons division  at the northern end of the line, Brigadier General John S. Bowens in the middle, and Major General William Lorings in the south.   Early in the day, Confederate cavalry encountered Union pickets from Brigadier General A.J. Smiths division from McClernands XIII Corps near a roadblock Loring had  erected on the Raymond Road.   Learning of this, Pemberton instructed Loring to hold off the enemy while the army commenced its march towards Clinton (Map). Hearing the firing, Brigadier General Stephen D. Lee of Stevensons division, became concerned about a potential threat up the Jackson Road to the northeast.   Sending forward scouts, he deployed his brigade on nearby Champion Hill as a precaution.   Shortly  after assuming this position, Union forces were spotted advancing down the road.   These were  the men of Brigadier General Alvin P. Hoveys Division, XIII Corps.   Seeing the danger, Lee  informed Stevenson who dispatched Brigadier General Alfred Cummings brigade to  form on Lees right.   To the south,  Loring formed his  division behind Jackson Creek and turned back an initial attack by Smiths division.   This done, he assumed a stronger position on a ridge near the Coker House. Battle of Champion Hill - Ebb and Flow: Reaching the Champion House, Hovey spotted the Confederates on his front.   Sending forward the brigades of Brigadier General George McInnis and Colonel James Slack, his forces began engaging Stevensons division.   Slightly to the south, a third Union column, led by Brigadier General Peter Osterhaus XIII Corps division approached the field on the  Middle Road  but halted when it encountered a Confederate roadblock.   As Hoveys men prepared to attack, they were reinforced by Major General John A. Logans Division from XVII Corps.   Forming on Hoveys right, Logans men were moving into position when Grant arrived around 10:30 AM.   Ordering Hoveys men to attack, the two brigades began advancing.   Seeing that Stevensons left flank was in the air, Logan directed Brigadier General John D. Stevensons brigade to strike this area.   The Confederate position was saved as Stevenson rushed Brigadier General Seth Bartons men to the left.   Barely arriving in time, they succeed ed covering the Confederate flank (Map). Slamming into Stevensons lines, McInnis and Slacks men began push the Confederates back.   With situation deteriorating, Pemberton directed Bowen and Loring to bring up their divisions.   As time passed and no troops appeared, a concerned  Pemberton began riding south and rushed forward Colonel Francis Cockrell and Brigadier General Martin Greens brigades from Bowens Division.   Arriving on Stevensons right, they struck Hoveys men and began driving them back  over Champion Hill.   In a desperate situation, Hoveys men were saved by the arrival of Colonel George B. Boomers  brigade of  Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division  which helped stabilize their line.   As the rest of Crockers division, the brigades of Colonels Samuel A. Holmes and John B. Sanborn, joined the fray, Hovey rallied his men and the combined force counterattacked. Battle of Champion Hill -  Victory Achieved: As the line in the north began to waver, Pemberton became increasingly irate at Lorings inaction.   Possessing a deep personal dislike of Pemberton, Loring had realigned his division but had done nothing to shift men toward the fighting.   Committing Logans men to fight, Grant began to overwhelm Stevensons position.   The Confederate right broke first and was followed by Lees men.   Storming forward, Union forces captured the entire 46th Alabama.   To further worsen Pembertons situation, Osterhaus renewed his advance on the Middle Road.   Livid, the Confederate commander rode off in search of Loring.   Encountering Brigadier General Abraham Bufords brigade, he rushed it forward. As he returned to his headquarters, Pemberton learned that Stevenson and Bowens lines had been shattered.   Seeing no alternative, he ordered a general retreat south to the Raymond Road and west to a bridge over Bakers Creek.   While beaten troops flowed southwest, Smiths artillery opened on Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghmans brigade which was still  blocking the Raymond Road.   In the exchange, the  Confederate commander was killed.   Retreating to  Raymond Road, Lorings men  attempted to follow Stevenson and Bowens divisions over the Bakers Creek Bridge.   They were prevented from doing  so by Union brigade that had crossed upstream and had turned south in an attempt to cut off the Confederate retreat.   As a result, Lorings Division moved south before circling around Grant to reach Jackson.   Fleeing the field, Stevenson and Bowens divisions made for defenses along the Big Black River. Battle of Champion Hill - Aftermath: The bloodiest engagement of the campaign to reach Vicksburg, the Battle of Champion Hill saw Grant suffer 410 killed, 1,844 wounded, and 187 missing/captured while Pemberton incurred 381 killed, 1,018 wounded, and 2,441 missing/captured.   A key moment in the  Vicksburg Campaign, the victory ensured that Pemberton and Johnston would not be able to unite.  Ã‚  Forced  to  begin falling back towards the city, Pemberton and Vicksburgs fate were essentially sealed.   Conversely, having been defeated, Pemberton  and Johnston failed to  isolate Grant in central  Mississippi, cut off his supply lines to the river, and win a key victory for the Confederacy.  Ã‚  In the wake of the battle, Grant was critical of McClernands inaction.  Ã‚  He firmly believed that had XIII Corps attacked with vigor, Pembertons army could have been destroyed and the  Siege of Vicksburg avoided.   After spending the night at Champion Hill,  Grant continued his pursuit the next day and w on another victory at the Battle of Big Black River  Bridge.    Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Battle of Champion HillBattle of Champion HillCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Champion Hill

Looking At The Human Rights Policys In Australia Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At The Human Rights Policys In Australia Social Work Essay Essays Looking At The Human Rights Policys In Australia Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Human Rights Policys In Australia Social Work Essay Essay This paper will research the human rights issue of Autochthonal disadvantage in Australia. In peculiar I am interested in Autochthonal Unemployment and stoping Autochthonal disadvantage through the GenerationOne societal motion. As portion of work for this paper I have actively participated in fall ining the motion every bit good as acquiring involved by directing my thoughts on farther publicity for this run. This paper will critically analyze the action which I have taken and mensurate it against a human rights based attack. Presently in the media there is an on-line run active which is called GenerationOne . It is the creative activity of billionaire excavation baron Andrew Forrest and is led by former Labor Party national run manager Tim Gartrell. It is financially supported by other extremely recognized concern leaders such as James Packer, Kerry Stokes and Lindsay Fox to call a few. It is aimed at eliminating the inequality and disadvantage of laden and marginalised Indigenous groups. The run is a response to a impression that there needs to be great alteration in this state to stop all Autochthonal disadvantages peculiarly environing the high rates of Autochthonal unemployment. It is foregrounding the fact that instruction can be a tool for stoping Autochthonal disadvantage. GenerationOne is the topographic point for Australians to let go of their passion, in three chief countries: instruction, occupations and job-ready preparation. This cause is personally relevant to me as I have worked extensively in the yesteryear with immature Indigenous Youth. I besides worked with ATSIC ( Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ) before it was abolished. My work with Indigenous Youth in the interior metropolis of Sydney alerted me to high rate of Autochthonal unemployment. The young person that I worked closely with were unmotivated and felt suppressed by their disadvantage. In most instances it was generational with many of the Indigenous young person turning up with households who were reliant entirely on Government benefits. There was a high rate of high school dropouts and I ran several out of school plans with these young person to seek and promote them to remain at school and go on their instruction. GenerationOne promoted their cause through several mediums of the media. These included several advertizements on telecasting and wireless every bit good as a roadshow. The roadshow has been extended for one month due to the response from the populace. The roadshow has travelled all over Australia sing major metropoliss every bit good as towns with a high Autochthonal population. The purpose of this is to travel from community to community to raise consciousness and set frontward the chances that are at that place to work together to back up employment, to back up concern, to back up autochthonal Australians that have been disadvantaged. The run is being portrayed in a positive manner through different signifiers of media Nationwide. The group has set up a Youtube channel ( Generation One TVC ) every bit good as advertizements on the major webs on telecasting The merely negative thing I saw in relation to the human rights issue of stoping Autochthonal disadvantage was when I was watching the NRL on the 7th May, Channel Nine cut the Welcome to the state ceremonial being performed senior Joy Murphy. It made me inquiry this negative illustration of media in coming up against the work that GenerationOne is really seeking to accomplish. The response on the Facebook web site ( 2010 ) has been promoting with a batch of people seting themselves behind this grass roots motion. People both Indigenous and non-Indigenous are saying that they feel it is about clip to stop the disparity. There have been great argument and treatment on the Facebook page approximately ways in which instruction and preparation can assist eliminate this societal job. The most relevant human rights compact under which this issue falls is the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . In Australia, we have the Australian Human Rights Commission ( HREOC ) . The Human Rights Commission ( HREOC ) web site ( 2010 ) states that the The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) besides prohibits favoritism before the jurisprudence on any land such as race, coloring material, sex, linguistic communication, faith, political or other sentiment, national or societal beginning, belongings, birth or other position ( article 26 ) . The United Nations adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Autochthonal Peoples. This declaration recognizes equality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people and the rights of Autochthonal peoples. As being pertinent to the cause of stoping Autochthonal disadvantage it reaffirms that Autochthonal people can set up themselves in regard to political, economic and societal sweeteni ng in order to stop all favoritism and subjugation wherever it may happen. The UN besides affirms that nil in this declaration can take away from the rights to self-government of the Autochthonal people. As good we have the Convention Refering Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation ( International Labour Organisation Convention figure 111 ) . This compact was ratified in Australia on the 15th June, 1973 and is filed under: C111 Discrimination ( Employment and Occupation ) Convention, 1958. ( International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) ) . In Australia, we have the Australian Human Rights Commission ( HREOC ) . I foremost became cognizant of this run in March when I saw an advertizement on the telecasting and besides saw an article in the Sydney Morning by Gibson and Howard ( 2010 ) . The newspaper article was about the coming together of extremely influential people ( viz. James Packer, Andrew Twiggy Forrest and Kerry Stokes ) at the Opera House. They were doing a pledge to assist close the spread and stop the disparity between non-Indigenous and Autochthonal Aussies. I found this issue peculiarly relevant to me because of my background working with Autochthonal communities. I besides have two immature kids who will turn to see the disparity between the non-Indigenous and Autochthonal people if something is now done now. I want my kids to be taught that everyone is equal. History has non shown this to be true and I hope that instruction in our schools can include the history of the Autochthonal Australians. I believe that cooperation from all should be encouraged over the coming old ages to reconstruct equality and I will be explicating all sides to my kids. Harmonizing to Bennett all citizens of this state are every bit eligible to all awards, topographic points and employments, harmonizing to their different abilities, without other differentiation than that of their virtuousnesss and endowments ( 1999:7 ) Australian society can be responsible for doing this alteration and stoping the divide between non-Indigenous and Autochthonal people. It is a countrywide attack that is needed. GenerationOne is about traveling frontward as one state. Society on a whole can non be coherent without engagement of everyone in it. Australian society can come together and do the dreams of Autochthonal people to take part in instruction, preparation and employment. There has been a history of Autochthonal activism most notably that of the Mabo instance. Important surveies have documented facets of historical activism ( Attwood, 2003 ) . Yet there remains unusually small literature that explores the modern-day societal motion activism that is still trying to accomplish these rights. Histories have been recorded, alteration has been documented and rights articulated, but much remains to be done to enter the experiences and positions of autochthonal militants themselves. While political sentiment is divided refering both the causes of, and solutions to, this state of affairs, there is some consensus around the impression that any effectual solutions must be arrived at and delivered by autochthonal peoples themselves. Militants will be cardinal to accomplishing and presenting better results for Autochthonal peoples. Militants are unable to portion their cognition and positions with one other if they avoid struggle by staying isolated from one anot her in their several webs. A deficiency of connexion between militants with differing positions diminishes the motion as a whole. This is why GenerationOne, being a countrywide grassroots motion, can see militants from all parts of the Australia come together to advance one cause which is to stop Autochthonal disadvantage. The inquiry I asked myself was how is my engagement traveling to alter this state of affairs? I understand though that I can go on my action manner beyond what is the clip kingdom of this session. Therefore, the action that I have taken during the current session of survey to go involved in this issue has been to subscribe up and go an active member in the GenerationOne on-line motion. I have signed an on-line request to assist eliminate the disparity between non-Indigenous and Autochthonal Australians. I have besides joined their Facebook fan Page and have sent out an invitation to all of my contacts through Facebook to fall in the motion besides. Social working can be the fastest manner to link with people to acquire the word out and in this instance advance the run. The current coevals are technologically literate and so I think the on-line motion is a great manner to advance alteration. It is a fast and effectual manner to be active in your community both local and national. Another thought I had was to acquire in contact with the people behind GenerationOne and inquire them if they had promoted the cause through the Koori Mail. I thought that sing this run had been to a great extent covered in mainstream newspapers ( SMH, Telegraph ) that it would make good in the Koori Mail with the high population of Autochthonal readers. I wrote an electronic mail saying that I was a societal work pupil desiring to assist the cause. I let them cognize that I had had old experience working with Autochthonal Communities in Sydney particularly immature people as my function as a Youth Worker. I enquired as to whether they had promoted ( I had researched on the cyberspace and found no entries ) GenerationOne through the Koori Mail. I explained that I would wish to assist organize this if possible. This was their response via electronic mail: Hey Jodie, This is amazing. We have really been in contact with the Koori Mail and we will in future. This is a great thought. Have you besides signed up to the website www.generationone.org.au and you can travel to the media subdivision which will demo you all our articles. It would be great if you could subscribe up to the web site and promote your uni friends and all your other friends to subscribe up every bit good. Will maintain in touch. Cheers Gen1 My response to them was yes, that I had signed up to the motion and notified my friends to besides make the same and that I would appreciate if they let me cognize any farther development. I emailed them a twosome of hebdomads subsequently to inquire whether there had been any farther development on this. This is the response via electronic mail that I got: Hi Jodie, As I said below we are speaking to Koori mail and will be seting something in. We do nt desire to hotfoot it and desire to acquire a good narrative. We are making an interview with Tania Major this forenoon on Koori Radio 1030am and they will play out the Bob Geldof address from Brisbane. We are decidedly acquiring at that place the roadshow is extended for another month so we have some clip up our arms. We will draw something together as asap Respects Kate My hope is that they give me the chance to demo my support to the cause by leting me to assist organize this media coverage. I await their response. I believe that by my being cognizant of this human rights issue and subsequent run is action in itself. It makes me believe about this issue on a day-to-day footing which so affects my ideas when I may read something or come across something on the telecasting By definition the function of societal workers is a human rights worker. Social workers help to gain person s rights every twenty-four hours. Autochthonal communities are really frequently social work clients . Calma ( 2008 ) recognises that as societal workers we will necessitate to travel towards a rights based pattern to develop single capacity. The values and rules of human self-respect and self worth in the Social Workers Code of Ethics, already seem to construct a base for a human rights based societal work pattern. The human rights based attack can be seen as most of import when working with the Indigenous community. It is critical for us as societal workers to perpetrate to the cardinal rules of societal work to help Autochthonal people to make their human rights. Elsewhere I have stated that I chose to research Autochthonal disadvantage as a human rights issue because of my history of working with the Indigenous community. The disparity that is apparent and that I have witnessed firsthand has led me to go really passionate about seeking to set an terminal to it. When I found the GenerationOne run I was interested that a adult male from a non-Indigenous background had performed such a undertaking as doing a connexion with both the Indigenous and non-Indigenous people of this state. By conveying people together no affair what their background is to organize a corporate voice can be one of the most powerful signifiers of activism. I understand that everything is non evident at surface degree and that that merely after turn overing up my arms and acquiring genuinely involved in a human rights motion will I appreciate the results and the sense of fulfilment that comes with engagement. Having cognition of the political, societal and theoretical for ces that influence such human rights issue such as Autochthonal disadvantage, will let me to understand the work and gimmick nuances which may be overlooked. Unfortunately clip in this instance has non allowed me to to the full dig into this issue to my full extent. I will follow up with the action I have taken and seek to my best ability see it through if allowed to. Working with Indigenous people/communities allows me to research my anti-oppressive work. Thompson ( 2003 ) defines the results of favoritism to be subjugation. Autochthonal people have been discriminated against for old ages. This entrenched favoritism becomes of import when we look at the current coevals of Indigenous young person fighting to go on their instruction and finally acquire a occupation. I believe that the societal work profession must work towards eliminating subjugation ( Domenilli, 2002 ) . I agree that anti-oppressive pattern is an effectual societal work pattern tool for deriving a better apprehension of the Autochthonal people and the marginalization and exclusion from mainstream society. I say this in respects to employment and preparation and holding the same entree to instruction so as to be able to take part in society by deriving meaningful employment. It can besides maximise the potency of societal work to advance societal justness. I do nt believe I have done plenty in respects to affecting myself in this peculiar issue. I feel I could hold gone one measure further and involved myself with a local young person group and possibly put up a workshop or talk with a outstanding Indigenous concern individual or sportsperson to take part in mentoring these immature people. If I had were non time-bound I could hold organised this and I feel that my state of affairs at place hindered me in go oning farther. When nearing this issue I was cognizant that coming from a rights-based attack was manner in which I needed to see it. Bing cognizant of the fact that working from a human rights position required a praxis preparation ( Ife, 2008 ) . Knowing the history behind this cause has given me adequate information to set the theory into my pattern. Although theory and pattern has for some clip been seen as two separate entities, over the old ages it is seen more and more to be good for societal work pattern to develop in this manner. I agree with Ife when he states that we learn by making and we do by larning ( 2008, p160 ) . I have learned a batch through the action I have taken in respects to this human rights issue. I have discovered that it is an ethically disputing subject which I have confronted but have non felt out of my deepness. By working through any ethical quandary which I may hold had has helped me place privileges every bit good as unseeable ways in which I comply with dominant political orientation. Through self contemplation of my feelings, values, and beliefs it has allowed me to face subjugation and back up my life-long learning/professional development. By affecting myself in this grass motion I feel that I have challenged myself as a societal work pupil and have seen merely what I am capable of in respects to activism. It is non about being afraid to set myself out at that place but about being passionate for the cause with I support and acquiring the most out it that I can. I believe this will assist me farther in my calling. Decision In decision, Autochthonal people have faced jobs with their battle for equality of chance. They have faced a life-time of exclusion from mainstream society. With GenerationOne the hope is that this will be the coevals to stop all disparity and work towards assisting the Autochthonal people to be self-determinate. I have gained a batch of knowing experience by fall ining this human rights run and I hope to go on my work with them.

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Pulmonary Rehabilitation and QoL in Lung Cancer Patients

Pulmonary Rehabilitation and QoL in Lung Cancer Patients PULMONARY REHABILITATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS (Abstract):The quality of life in patients with lung cancer is determined both by factors related to the patient (stage of disease, comorbidities) and the factors related to treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy). Since the impact of treatment on survival of patients with lung canceris quite low, quality of life is a goal increasingly important. Until now, quality oflife was properly assessed in few studies and the results can be influenced by the use of non- validated methods. The most usedtools adapted for measuring the quality of life for lung cancer are the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) LC-13 questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-L) questionnaire and the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS). Keywords:LUNG CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, REHABILITATION. Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 15 %. Given the evolution of long asymptomatic lung cancer in contrast to other tumor types, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, weakness, loss of appetite.Therefore, treatment goals for these patients are relief of symptoms and increased overall survival [1]. Therapies that improve the survival rate are often accompanied by severe side effects. Due to the increasing number of alternative lines of therapy and treatment, the decrease differences in the clinical effectiveness and drug development costs, the importance of estimating the parameters of quality of life (QOL) increases both health and economic reasons. So little time, the inclusion of these parameters in lung cancer clinical trials was generally neglected [1-3]. During 2001-2011, there were 43 studies conducted to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with lung cancer, 27 of which had as main objective HRQoL. Most publicationsillustrate the results of phase III clinical trials, 38 included patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in stage III/IV, two studies included patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in all stages and three studies included both patients with NSCLC and SCLC. Most studies have investigated the impact of platinum based drug combinations, 6 studies have investigated the effect of gefitinib and 2 studies concerns of erlotinib. Between the questionnaires used to assess quality of life in patients with lung cancer are mentioned questionnaire of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C30) questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT G) questionnaire, FACT-L (Lung) questionnaire, Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS), Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Brief Pain Index (BPI). The most commonly used is the EORTC QLQ-C30 contains 30 criteria, available in 60 languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹[4]. FACT-G questionnaire containing 27 physical elements, emotional, social, functional, available in more than 50 languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹[5] and the FACT-L is suitable for lung cancer and contains 37 items assessing quality of life [6]. Due to the homogeneity characteristics of the patients and treatment regimens, it is not possible to compare all of the studies on the HRQoL. Most studies include comparing different chemotherapy regimens did not show significant differences in HRQoL between treatment arms [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Another group of studies report cautious assumptions to improve HRQoL [15,16,17]. Only Belani et al. and Reck et al. indicates HRQoL superiority of paclitaxel or docetaxel compared with vincristine or vinorelbine/cisplatin [18,19]. Regarding EGFR inhibitors, Gelibter et al., Mu et al., And Zhang et al. been shown to improve HRQoL in patients with highly advanced NSCLC treated with gefitinib [20,21,22]. Cella et al. and Natale et al. reported improvements in HRQoL after administration of gefitinib and correlate these improvements with tumor response [23,24]. Regarding erlotinib, Lilenbaum et al. could not demonstrate significant improvement in progression-free survival, median survival and HRQoL compared to standard chemotherapy regimen [25]. Bezjak et al. HRQoL showed significant improvement, where erlotinib is administered in the second line of treatment [26]. LUX- Lung 3 study conducted on a population of patients with advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutation positive, showed an unprecedented improvement in cancer-related symptoms and increase quality of life when treated first line with afatinib, an irreversible inhibitor of the ErbB receptor family, compared to chemotherapy with pemetrexed and cisplatin, considered the standard of care in this population of patients with NSCLC [27]. Lung cancer or lung metastases often have symptoms for which palliative radiotherapy is effective [28,29] and improves or maintains quality of life, for about one-third of affected patients [30]. There are forty-three studies that are assessed in at least one arm of the study, use of palliative thoracic radiotherapy that evaluated QOL or symptoms palliation a primary or secondary. Thirty studies have evaluated the treatment of patients with NSCLC. Four studies involved patients who were treated with endobronchial brachytherapy alone or in combination with external radiotherapy. Other nine studies have evaluated the use of palliative radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer other than NSCLC histological type. Clinical trials that compared different regimens of palliative radiotherapy fractionation showed improved quality of life and survival in patients with good performance status who received high doses of radiation (TD = 30Gy/10fractions/3Gy/fraction) compared with lower doses (TD = 20Gy/5fractions/4Gy/fraction, 17Gy/2fractions, 10Gy/1fraction), which are mainly used in patients with reduced performance status and may be interspersed between the series of chemotherapy without causing delay in chemotherapy administration [31,32]. Impact of new radiotherapy techniques (IMRT intensity modulated radiotherapy, IGRT guided radiotherapy imaging) and PET -CT imaging integration in the palliative treatment of patients with pulmonary cancer is not clearly defined. Relative to the palliative role of endobronchial brachytherapy, recent analysis of 13 clinical trials concluded that external radiotherapy is superior endobronchial brachytherapy and brachytherapy added to external radiation has no advantages over external radiotherapy alone [33]. So far, not demonstrated an advantage of concomitant radio chemotherapy to sequential administration for symptoms palliation in patients with lung cancer [34,35,36,37]. First programs of pulmonary rehabilitation have been developed in The United States of America in the 1970’s .Since then, several specialists tried to define better the term of â€Å"pulmonary rehabilitation â€Å": ‘’Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multi-dimensional continuum of services directed to persons with pulmonary disease and their families, usually by an interdisciplinary team of specialists, with the goal of achieving and maintaining the individuals maximum level of independence and functioning within the community’’(1) Pulmonary rehabilitation may be defined as an art of medical practice wherein an individually tailored, multidisciplinary program is formulated which through accurate diagnosis, therapy, emotional support, and education, stabilizes or reverses both the physio and psychopathology of pulmonary diseases and attempts to return the patients to the highest possible functional capacity allowed by his pulmonary handicap and overall life situation.(2) The definition given by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR), the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) â€Å" an evidence-based, multi-disciplinary, and comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory diseases who are symptomatic and often have decreased daily life activities. Integrated into the individualized treatment of the patient, pulmonary rehabilitation is designed to reduce symptoms, optimize functional status, increase participation, and reduce health care costs through stabilizing or reversing systemic manifestations of the disease.†(3) The most recent definition Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive intervention based on a thorough patient assessment followed by patient-tailored therapies which include, but are not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote the long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors.(4) To understand better the importance of these rehabilitation programs, here are some statements of some patients with pulmonary diseases: -â€Å"It can be extremely upsetting because I can’t find the breath of life that we all need.â€Å" -â€Å"My legs ached, my shoulders ached, my arms ached .I couldn’t continue with my hobbies. I lost hope completely. I literally wanted to die.† -â€Å" This is very depressing ; this makes me very anxious!â€Å" Over time pulmonary rehabilitation has been an important part in the management of COPD and of other chronic lung diseases. Rehabilitation in lung cancer has not been studied so extensively as the rehabilitation in COPD but the results from various studies indicate clearly the importance of pre and post surgery rehabilitation. Patients who had or have to go through a lung cancer surgery may have breathlessness, pain, fatigue, anxiety, poor physical condition and low quality of life.For oncology patients, pulmonary rehabilitation is not just about how the patient learns to breathe properly and respiratory muscle training, but a multitude of factors that together help the patient to support more easily the surgery or chemo-radiotherapy , to have an early recovery and to increase quality of life. Judging by the motto There are no diseases, but sick people, pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with lung cancer , also has to be personalized . It may be regarded as the tailoring of the rehabilitation programme to the patient’s needs and characteristics and also, to the evolution of his oncological disease. How pulmonary rehabilitation helps people with lung cancer? -helps the patient to carry out his daily activities -increases the quality of life helps to improve general health -decrease the number of postsurgical complications -hastens the postoperative recovery -prevents respiratory tract infections Pulmonary rehabilitation is a complex process and may include the following: Breathing techniques (diaphragmatic breathing, pursed-lip breathing) Energy conservation techniques Aerobic (to increase pulmonary capacity) Respiratory muscle strengthening techniques Nutrition tips Counseling and relaxation techniques Group therapy Before establishing a pulmonary rehabilitation program must be identified that baseline what the patient can do easily, what kind of daily activities is able to do and what kind of activities are done with difficulty. Pulmonary rehabilitation can and pre and / or post surgical. Rehabilitation period is decided by an interdisciplinary team consisting of pneumologist, oncologist and thoracic surgeon. Preoperative rehabilitation can decrease the number of postoperative complications, speed recovery and may also have an economic impact, reducing the number of days of hospitalization, postoperative morbidity. Studies have shown that postoperative rehabilitation is good to be started after about 3 or 4 months after surgery. The minimum duration of a pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program has not yet been widely established. Pulmonary rehabilitation should be taken into consideration for all the patients with lung cancer no matter what stage .Rehabilitation is beneficial for all stages of lung cancer, even for inoperable cases. Moreover, we could say that pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential aspect of the palliative measures in patients with lung cancer. Pulmonary rehabilitation also has it’s riscks, for example, it can cause arrhythmias or cardiac arrest in patients with cardiac pathology, it can cause bone lessions or muscle injuries. Education The patient must learn what he has to do to take care of himself better and to maximize quality of life. The most important thing is that the patient must practice and continue for a lifetime everything he learnt during the medical rehabilitation program conducted at the hospital. Nutrition is an important aspect of the rehabilitation programs because, in most cases, lung cancer patients already have a poor nutritional status which can be caused by the consumptive syndrome, the treatment or because of the depressive syndrome that is often encountered in patients with cancer. The effects of malnutrition in patients with lung cancer: increased fatigue vulnerability to infections -decreases compliance to treatment -delay recovery -affects quality of life Recommendations on nutrition in lung cancer: -eat frequent small portions -eat high-protein and high-calorie foods -avoid fast food and carbonated drinks -do not take vitamins without doctor recommendation use spices to get a better taste of the food -the meat will be cooked at high temperatures -no fried foods -cooking will be done in stringent conditions of cleanliness -adequate hydration, at least 2 liters of fluid per day Counseling Finding the diagnosis of malignancy, the disease and the multitude of investigations and treatments applied to patients with cancer are sources of psycho-emotional stress. Through psychological counseling, the patient finds new ways to adopt a lifestyle as healthy as it can and receives the necessary power to replace negative emotions.. Oncology patients are special patients that require special attention and support from the whole multidisciplinary team and also from their families. In the cases where palliative care is the only solution, the pulmonary rehabilitation team must prepare the patient for a dignified end. Pulmonary rehab is a chance for people with lung cancer to get help, to have a better quality life, to understand better their disease and to feel much confident.

Interpretation of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Interpretation of Romeo and Juliet What would cause young lovers to mysteriously commit suicide so they can be together? Is it their parents who forbid them to see one another, or is it themselves? William Shakespeare's play, Romeo and Juliet, tells about two young "star-crossed lovers" whose deaths were caused by fate, not their parents or themselves. First of all, Romeo and Juliet were from feuding families: Romeo a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Romeo was so depressed about his unrequited love for Rosaline when it just so happens, he goes to a masquerade party. There, he falls for Juliet, the daughter of Lord Capulet, and forgot about Rosaline. When they're finally torn apart, that's when both Romeo and Juliet realize they are from enemy families. Their love, of course, brings down their immediate marriage and Friar Lawrence agrees in hope to stop the feuding families. Unfortunately, Tybalt and Mercutio are killed and Romeo gets banished leaving Juliet without a husband or a cousin. "O, I am a fortune's fool," (Act III, Scene I) explains how Romeo felt at the moment of Tybalt's death. He felt that he fell into one of fate's many cruel games and it was too late to get out. When things are just getting worst, Lord Capulet arranges for Juliet to marry Paris causing Juliet to panic. She then has to hurry and do something to stop the wedding and of course fate would just happen to guide her back to Friar Lawrence. Fate wouldn't just stop there. He just kept on going. He has it arranged that Friar John, the messenger who was suppose to deliver the news of Juliet's fake death, quarantined. Romeo finds out that Juliet is dead from Balthazar and screams out, "Is it e'en so?--Then I defy you, stars!" (Act 5, scene 1, pg. 213). He blames Juliet's death on fate and returns to Verona with poison to join her. He leaves a little before Friar John tells Friar Lawrence about his failure to deliver the message. Still, fate didn't stop there. He then makes Friar Lawrence leave his cell and rush to the Capulet vault . Unfortunately, Friar Lawrence is just a little too late and Romeo gets there before he

Ethnic and Racial Group overview Essay

While I have always believed myself to be reasonably educated about racial diversity, and non-prejudice against those who come from different ethnic backgrounds than my own, this course has taught me that there is much more to the history and reality of Americas struggle to overcome the all too real problem that is prejudice and discrimination. I have learned much about my own background and history that I was not previously aware of as well. The history of Prejudice and discrimination in America dates as far back as to the days of slavery. While to most this is a well-known fact, there are a few facts about my own ethnic history that were not well-known to me until I participated in this course. The fact that stands out the most is that German immigrants (such as my own grandparents) suffered a reality of segregation in schools and language barriers, not unlike that of today’s Mexican Americans. German Americans struggled to establish bi-lingual schools because they were a growing population in America, and the need was apparent. Knowing this opens up a whole new perspective of my understanding of just how equal we all really are. Because trends in immigration have grown steadily and will continue to grow well into the future, by the year 2050, the U. S. population will experience a culture of diversity so elaborate, and so completely wide spread; resulting in America having no choice but to unite, or suffer from mass self-destruction of the worst kind. The challenges of such a diverse America will be apparent in many ways, and there will be some of the same issues of discrimination and prejudice that have always been. With all of the different cultures coming together, there will be inevitable language barriers, which will result in a continued issue of segregation among children, and the added challenge of providing them with equal educational opportunities. In the same way that children have to face the challenges of diversity, so do the adults who will face discrimination and possible insufficient opportunity to move forward based on their race. On the other hand, when faced with such diversity, America as a whole will be forced to accept change, and perhaps finally overcome the issues that it has been faced with for so long. The opportunity will rise, with the variety of diversity, to become educated about those who are around us. Because there will be nothing else to do but find a way to work together, or to fail as nation, I think that the way that we all see one another is going to change significantly. The idea that others are inferior in any way to any other individual will begin to fade, because with so much diversity all around, there will not be a majority, nor a minority. Perhaps equality in racial group numbers will finally be the key to unlock the door to a prejudice-free America.

Sahir Kara Essays

Sahir Kara Essays Sahir Kara Essay Sahir Kara Essay To investigate how the shape and size of an organism affects the rate of temperature loss away from the organism.Background Knowledge:Most of the substances transported in the blood are carried dissolved in plasma. The main constituent of blood plasma is water (90% of blood plasma) (RESOURCE 1), from which heat can be lost by conduction, convection, radiation or evaporation.(RESOURCE 2)The limbs of a mammal or bird can easily be simulated using water-filled test tubes of differing sizes, to represent models of a real life situation. The main method of transferring heat energy in a fluid (e.g.: water) is by convection. As a generalisation, most mammals and birds live in habitats where their body temperature is above that of their surroundings. (RESOURCE 3) Therefore, heat energy is principally lost from the bodies of mammals and birds by convecting and radiating away. Any liquid that is warmer than its surroundings will expand, so its particles occupy a greater volume than before (as they vibrate with the heat energy supplied). This in turn means that there is a decrease in density of the liquid, and the warmer particles move upwards (convection) and away (radiation) from the organism, through the blood vessels and protective skin. (RESOURCE 2)Mammals and birds (which are all warm-blooded organisms) have the ability to regulate their body temperatures, keeping their bodies within a set optimum range. Therefore, any heat energy lost is replaced by expending energy from food taken in, to keep body temperatures constant (37degrees in humans). (RESOURCE 1)Prediction:I predict that the larger the surface area / volume ratio of a model, the greater the rate of heat loss away from the simulation will be. Therefore, the surface area / volume ratio of a model is directly proportional to the rate of heat loss away from the model.Prediction Reasoning:As the surface area / volume ratio of a model increases, more heat energy is, in reality, able to escape away from the test tube at one time. The surface area / volume ratio is effectively the amount of heat energy that is in contact with the external surroundings at one time (surface area) divided by the amount of heat energy that is actually inside the test tube to begin with. The greatest surface area / volume ratio can come about when the surface area is at its greatest, and the volume is at its smallest.Therefore, if a test tube with the highest surface area / volume ratio was used, it would take far less time to lose of temperature than a test tube with the smallest surface area / volume ratio. Therefore, the same amount of temperature would have been lost in a shorter space of time, and the rate of heat loss would be directly proportional to the surface area / volume ratio of model used. (RESOURCE 2)Prediction Graph:Key factors to vary: Variables:INPUTOUTCOMECONTROLLEDPossible:* Surface area / volume ratio of model used. (%)Values:To be confirmed in preliminary work.As the aim of the investigation is to find how the shape and size of an organism affects the rate of heat loss away from it, this is the only input variable that can be chosen.There are, inevitably, different experiments that could be carried out in this area of work. However, I have chosen to investigate this aim, and therefore the above reasoning for choosing this input variable is valid.Possible:* Rate of heat loss away from the model. (temp. / time)As with the input variable chosen, the outcome variable is also set. The rate of heat loss in this experiment can only be carried out by taking continuous measurements of temperature, and dividing by the time in which the change in temperature occurred.Possible:* Temperature of surroundings. (Degrees C)* Temperature of water at the beginning (Degrees C)* Movement and objects touching model.* Thermometer used.All of the above variables shall be controlled. Without these variables being controlled, the experiment would be unfair, and the results inaccurate because a certain variable that should be controlled could be varying affecting the results as they should not be.The temperature of the water at the beginning and end of the experiment must be kept controlled for all readings taken, as should the movement of the test tubes. The temperature of the surroundings must be controlled as well as possible, so that the readings of transfer of heat away from the test tube are as fair as possible.Preliminary work:Certain pieces of preliminary work have to be completed before the actual investigation can begin. This is to check that the things that I plan to do are possible, and to find out what control variables to use (values).For the preliminary work of this investigation, I need to find 6 test tubes that have surface area / volume ratios that are sufficiently well spread. I intend to find all of the different test tubes that are available, and find the surface area and volume of each. I will then work out the surface area / volume ratio of each, an d select 6 different test tubes that have sufficiently well spread surface area / volume ratios. This will help with the fairness of the investigation.To work out the surface area of a test tube, I will first find the diameter of the test tube, and halve it to find the radius. The radius will be squared, and multiplied by Pi(?). From this, I will be able to find the surface area of the top and bottom of the effective cylinder. To find the area of the remainder of the test tube, I will take the original diameter, and multiply it by Pi (?), to find the circumference. The circumference should then be multiplied by the length of the test tube (from the top of the test tube to the middle of the spherical bottom), to find the overall area of the rest of the test tube. (RESOURCE 4 PAGE 115) The actual overall surface area of a test tube is therefore =To work out the volume of a test tube, I will fill the test tube with water, and pour this water into a measuring cylinder of an appropriate capacity, as shown:The surface area / volume ratio of a test tube is therefore found by dividing the surface area by the volume.The second piece of preliminary work that I will complete will be to find an appropriate temperature from which each experiment for the actual investigation should begin. This temperature should be easy to obtain in every test tube (using a kettle or Bunsen burner), and should take an appropriate amount of time to reduce to the end temperature (i.e.: not too long), for test tubes that have even the smallest surface area / volume ratio.Also, I should find suitable intervals for taking results in the actual experiment, by finding how long it takes for the test tube with the largest surface area / volume ratio to lose heat (from 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C).Preliminary work RESULTS:Selected?Test tube #Length(cm)Diameter (cm)Volume (cm3)Surface Area (cm2)S.A / Vol. ratio114.82.355115.22.1 (1dp)21223081.72.7 (1dp)312.251.519.561.33.1 (1dp)4151.52174.23.5 (1dp)514.751.251560 .44.0 (1dp)67.2515.324.34.6 (1dp)78.751.510.644.84.2 (1dp)89.751.514.549.53.4 (1dp)9151.832.590.82.8 (1dp)I found that the controlled temperature from which every reading should begin should be 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and that each measurements of temperature should be taken every 15 seconds.Apparatus list:The following apparatus will be required, to be used in the experiment:* Supply of heated water* Six different test tubes of sufficiently varying surface area / volume ratios.* Test tube rack* Stopwatch* ThermometerPlan:Firstly, all apparatus required will be organised and arranged in the area in which the experiment will take place. The six test tubes will be taken one at a time, starting with the test tube numbered 1, and finishing with test tube 6. Test tube 1 will be taken, a thermometer placed in it, and filled with boiling water taken directly from a kettle. The test tube will be placed in a test tube rack, and the stopwatch switched on when the temperature of the water reduces to 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Continuous measurements of temperature of the water will be taken every 15 seconds, until 150 seconds (10 measurements) have been completed. The test tube will be thoroughly cleaned and dried, and the procedure repeated twice more for test tube 1. The entire experiment will be repeated for test tubes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, taking 3 results for each different test tube.Resources Used:RESOURCE 1:Text Book: Coordinated Science Biology by Jones ; JonesRESOURCE 2:Text Book: Physics Study Guide by Palfreyman ; MaunderRESOURCE 3:Information sheet: Temperature regulation in mammals and birdsRESOURCE 4:Text Book: Higher GCSE Mathematics by D.RaynerResults:Below shows the averages taken for temperature of the test tubes at the given time intervals:FOR RAW DATA TAKEN FROM THE EXPERIMENT, please see attached sheet 1.Graphical Results:Firstly, time (secs.) was plotted against temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C), in order to get a basic graphical result of the temperature of each test tube a t every time interval. Then, in order to find how the shape and size (SA / Volume ratio) of a test tube affects the rate of temperature loss away from the test tube, a second graph was plotted (showing SA / Volume ratio against rate of heat loss). The rate of heat loss away from the model was found by drawing a tangent to the midpoint (75 seconds) of each line on the first graph. Then, the rate was calculated by dividing the change in temperature by the time taken for the change.FOR BOTH OF THE GRAPHS DRAWN, please see attached sheet 2.Conclusion:From the results shown above, and the graphs, I conclude that the initial prediction, that the larger the surface area / volume ratio of a model, the greater the rate of heat loss away from the simulation will be is correct. The predicted graphs are very similar to those produced from the actual experiment, and this shows that the prediction was very precise. From the graphs, it is clear that as the surface area / volume ratio of a model in creases, so too does the average rate of heat loss away from the model (the amount of heat that can be lost every second). This is because the graph produced was linear, proving that:Surface area / volume ratio average rate of heat lossThe graph is almost certainly a straight line, because there is no indication that it may be a curve of any form. Although this may be true for the range of surface area / volume ratios used, there is no evidence to suggest that the direct proportionality between the input and output variables will continue forever. One would think logically, that there must be a limit to the amount of heat that can be lost from a model / a real mammal or bird at one given time. Therefore, the rate of heat loss away from the test tube must come to a maximum at one point. This would suggest that however large the surface area, and however small the volume of any model or organism, the amount of heat that can be lost at any given time (the rate) has a limit.Evaluation:O verall, I believe that the results obtained were fairly inaccurate in the experiment conducted. This is because the problems brought about in such an experiment that would have led to inaccuracies of results were found to be vast:* Firstly, the temperature of the water measured at each point was relatively inaccurate. This was due to the fact that the temperature recorded was limited by the accuracy of the thermometer used (accurate to 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C on the scale), and by the accuracy of the person conducting the experiment (in this case, myself). Furthermore, the temperature of the water in each test tube was not constant throughout, and any movement of the thermometer (or the whole test tube) would have shown an inaccurate measurement on the thermometer. Also, the accuracy of the recordings obtained was hindered by the fact that the thermometers were not digital, but were analogue, and prone to inaccuracies.* Furthermore, each test tube was held upright in a test tube rack. This w as in order to measure the temperature of the water at the specified time intervals, but would have caused inaccuracies with the amount of the test tube in contact with another object (affecting the heat loss away from the test tube). This was consistent throughout the experiment, however, except when larger test tube racks were used to support the bigger test tubes that could not fit into the same rack as the other test tubes.* Also, a thermometer was submerged in each test tube, to measure the temperature of the water. This may have brought about minor inaccuracies in the results, as the presence of the thermometer displaced water that would have been in the test tube without the thermometer being present. Again, this was consistent throughout the experiment, so it would not have affected the reliability of the experiment (if it were to be repeated).Furthermore, the procedure had a few problematic areas, mainly concerning the controlled variables:* The temperature of the situation was not kept constant throughout the experiment, and could not feasibly be kept constant. The temperature of the heated laboratory is unlikely to have changed drastically enough to affect the results on ONE occasion, but the experiment took approximately 2 hours to complete over 3 different sittings. Therefore, it may be possible that the temperature of the laboratory was different on these occasions, and the results would have been affected.* The thermometer used was again, different on each of these three sittings, and this fact may have affected the results, but to what extent is difficult to define. The type of thermometer used was the same on each occasion, but the actual one was different.* The movement of the thermometer / test tube proved also to be difficult to control. With 26 other people trying to conduct their experiments at the same time, movement of the bench would have inevitably occurred. However, it is unlikely that such movement would have affected the results d rastically.The line of best fit found on the second graph produced, indicates that some results were not as expected. This can be investigated by calculating the percentage discrepancy of the points that were not on the line of best fit, as follows:% Discrepancy = [(value plotted value on line) / value on line] x 100The percentage discrepancy of each point was found, from the line of best fit:Point(SA / VOLUME ratio)% Discrepancy from line of best fit1) 2.1= [(0.063 0.061)/0.061] x 100 = 3.8%2) 2.7= [(0.084 0.077)/0.077] x 100 = 9.1%3) 3.1= [(0.079 0.088)/0.088] x 100 = 10.2%4) 3.5= [(0.093 0.098)/0.098] x 100 = 5.1%5) 4.0= [(0.1 0.111)/0.111] x 100 = 10.0%6) 4.6= [(0.14 0.137)/0.137] x 100 = 2.2%This indicates that all of the results are within 10.2% agreement with the line of best fit, suggesting that the data obtained is relatively inaccurate. The discrepancies, as stated previously, could have come from the inaccuracies of human error, the inaccuracies of the thermometer, or the inaccuracies of the controlled variables problems.Although the readings have been found to be relatively inaccurate, I believe that the evidence collected was quite reliable. Obtaining 3 results for each SA / volume ratio of test tube made it possible to identify anomalous results, of which there seem to be 4 (highlighted grey on the above table). These anomalous results can be attributed to human error, movement of the test tube, and inaccuracies of the thermometers used. These anomalous results were averages of each of the 3 readings for every test tube, and were plotted on the first graph. The fact that the rates plotted on the second graph were up to 10.2% away from the line of best fit indicates that these anomalies may have contributed to the inaccuracies.Therefore, I believe that although inaccuracies found were vast, the evidence obtained is reliable enough to support a firm conclusion. This is because even though the results were inaccurate, the inaccuracies were co nsistent throughout, meaning that the overall outcome of the experiment was correct (although the actual readings may not have been).In order to improve the accuracy of the evidence further, the following changes could be made to the overall experiment:* Electronic temperature sensors, and precise data logging could have been used to measure the exact temperature at the given time intervals.* Electronic measuring devices could also have been used to measure the exact rate of heat loss away from the model in each case. This is instead of drawing a tangent to each line on the first graph (to find the rate), which is a relatively inaccurate method.* The experiment could have been completed in an isolated area (where the movements of others would not have affected the results).To extend the experiment with new lines of enquiry, I could investigate how the volume of used water in one test tube affects the heat loss away from the model. Furthermore, I could experiment with real organisms, to investigate how heat loss away from their bodies is affected by different factors (such as external temperature etc.).

Soil Sampling essays

Soil Sampling essays These instructions are for taking a soil sample from a yard, pasture, or any other piece of land. The purpose of a soil sample is to determine the pH of the soil. These instructions give a simple step by step procedure that anyone can do. Anyone who is trying to grow something can use a soil sample to help them get the best growth for whatever they are planting. The reason for needing to read these instructions is so that a proper sample will be taken so you will get the best results for your soil. There are not a lot of materials and equipment needed to take a soil sample. You are going to need the area of soil to be sampled, a soil sample bag, a small shovel or other digging tool, a measuring cup (optional), a bucket, and a pen or pencil. A soil sample bag is the bag that you will put your sample in. It can be obtained from fertilizer dealers, the Soil Conservation Service, your local Soil Conservation Service, or the Stephen F. Austin Agriculture Department. Samples usually cost about ten dollars and take about a month to get the results back, so plan ahead. shovels buckets soil sample bag CAUTION: Do not take samples from different fields or areas and put in the same bag. This may cause you to get the wrong results for a specific area. This does not apply to your yard. One sample is OK in this case. This comes in to play if you are sampling different spots over a large area, say over twenty acres. WARNING: Do not stab shovel into your foot, this may cause injury to your toes or other parts of your foot. Choose an area where you want to have the soil tested before you plant something on it. Obtain a soil sample bag from one of the places listed above. Choose 5 to 15 spots in your area to take samples from. At each of the spots you chose in your area use your digging devic ...

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MANAGEMENT Research Paper

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example However, if we analyze the number of cars that travel the road 3-6, we can see that despite the street’s ability to accept 7 thousand cars, there are only 6. The same situation happens on the road 4-8, whose capacity is 8, but it accepts 4 thousand. In total, such difference of both roads gives us the lack of 1+4 = 5 thousands. This means that genuine maximum number of cars that may actually travel from the stadium to the interstate per hour is 33–5 = 28 thousands. These calculations can be easily proved with the help of special statistical program. Hence, QM for Windows gives the following results: The maximum network flow differs from the forecast of Dr. Lee because a member of the University Planning Committee has not taken into account traffic jams and traffic delays. Due to imperfect distribution of cars among the streets, not all roads are taken by the exact number of cars that such streets are able to accept. For instance, the capacity of the road 1-2 is 12000 meanwhile 15000 cars travel by this route. This mismatch will cause traffic jams and the waste of time. These 3000 cars could easily travel by the road 1-4 without jamming, which capacity allows additional flow of cars. 2. If the cost for expanding a street were the same for each street, which street(s) would you recommend expanding to increase the capacity to 33,000? Which streets would you recommend expanding to get the total capacity of the system to 35,000 per hour? In case the price for expanding a street is equal for every road, in order to reach the capacity of 33000 cars, I would recommend expanding the road 1-4 so that it could accept 9000 instead of 6000 cars and the road 1-3, which number of cars would increase from 12000 to 14000. In addition, it is essential to expand any or both streets 6-8 and 7-8 because, taking into account that a node 8 can be reached by three roads,

TIS Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TIS Reflective Report - Essay Example The second concept is while the ideology of supply chains is crucial to the success of any business, few firms have paid less attention to this and in turn they have limited this concept to the supply chain that take place within the four corners of their business. Consequently, this has led to disjointed and inefficient supply chains. From the tutorial, analysis of Wal-Mart Chain Supply Management System was carried out also with consideration of the enterprise. The learning brought out the implementation to US. The research methods that were used brought out the plans that the supply system has used to ensure that goals are attained. In the research, more could be done to bring out the effect of the supply chain on the consumers, the impact of the supply chain to other competitors. Improvement of the supply chain was also not learned and is an important aspect in the supply chain management. There are lessons that were learned from the learning style. From the research that was carried, it was learned that there is need to become information literate. In order for one to carry out an effective research, there is need to use effective information technology and other techniques that one is good at. Research skills also entail reading of complicated texts and bringing them to an individual’s understanding. One may think that there is no difficulty in reading but in carrying out a research, there is need to properly analyse the texts that one reads. General sources are not always needed in research as was brought out. In the research, general sources do not give out the expected results and data that are needed for analysis. They are mainly used in gaining of context. The research brought out the importance of what to use in referencing. In referencing, there is need for aiming on the credibility of sources basing on the requirements that are needed in the research. Referencing in this way will